往期Archive · 2024
英雄还是恶魔——张献忠Hero or Devil: Zhang Xianzhong
Hero or Devil: Zhang Xianzhong英雄还是恶魔——张献忠
在明末大乱世中，张献忠似乎永远是一个配角，而且形象大多不好。在农民军眼里，张献忠是一个时降时叛的机会主义者。在明清官方眼里，张献忠是个聚众作乱的逆贼。在四川的民间传说中，张献忠是一个杀人如麻的屠夫，恐怖的凶神。在小说《李自成》和电影《双雄会》中，张献忠也是奸诈、残暴的代名词。张献忠到底是一个什么样的人？他为什么可以一度成为农民起义军的最强力量？大西政权后来到底是如何灭亡的？ “天生万物与人，人无一物与天，杀杀杀杀杀杀杀。”这句话让张献忠成为了一个meme，无数张献忠主题的表情包开始传播。可传说中的“七杀碑”真的存在吗？张献忠到底为什么杀人？他真的有一套自己的杀人哲学吗？ 这次分享，我们不会以人物传记的模式讲解张献忠，也不会评价张献忠到底是功大于过，还是过大于功。而是试图放眼世界，对比古今。以张献忠为切入点，探讨张献忠生活的时代，反思张献忠的悲剧为什么在历史中一遍又一遍重演。李世民曾说：“夫以铜为镜，可以正衣冠；以史为镜，可以知兴替；以人为镜，可以明得失。”张献忠已经死去三百多年了，但我们仍然可以以张献忠为镜子，时时反思和警醒自己，不要犯张献忠的错误。 参考资料： 顾诚《明末农民战争史》 《明史·张献忠传》 古洛东《圣教入川记》 魏斐德《洪业：清朝开国史》 鲁迅《晨凉漫记》 郭沫若《甲申三百年祭》
In the great chaos of the late Ming, Zhang Xianzhong always seems to be a supporting character, and usually an unsavoury one. In the eyes of the peasant armies, he was an opportunist who kept surrendering and rebelling again. To the Ming and Qing authorities, he was a rebel who gathered mobs to rise up. In Sichuan folklore, he was a butcher who killed people by the thousands, a terrifying demon. In the novel Li Zicheng and the film Shuang Xiong Hui, Zhang Xianzhong is also a byword for treachery and cruelty. What kind of man was Zhang Xianzhong really? Why was he for a time the strongest force among the peasant rebel armies? And how did his Great Xi regime eventually fall? "Heaven brings forth all things for man; man gives nothing back to Heaven. Kill kill kill kill kill kill kill." This line turned Zhang Xianzhong into a meme, and countless Zhang Xianzhong-themed reaction images began to circulate. But did the legendary "Seven Kills Stele" really exist? Why did Zhang Xianzhong kill? Did he really have a philosophy of killing of his own? In this session we will not present Zhang Xianzhong in the form of a biography, nor judge whether his merits outweighed his faults or the other way round. Instead we will try to take a global view and compare past and present, using Zhang Xianzhong as a way into the era he lived in and reflecting on why his tragedy has been repeated again and again in history. Li Shimin once said: "With bronze as a mirror, one can straighten one's clothes and cap; with history as a mirror, one can understand the rise and fall of states; with people as a mirror, one can see one's own gains and losses." Zhang Xianzhong has been dead for more than three hundred years, but we can still use him as a mirror to reflect on and warn ourselves constantly, so as not to repeat his mistakes. References: Gu Cheng, A History of the Peasant War at the End of the Ming History of Ming, "Biography of Zhang Xianzhong" François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon, The Entry of the Holy Religion into Sichuan Frederic Wakeman, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China Lu Xun, "Random Notes in the Morning Cool" Guo Moruo, "In Memory of the Tercentenary of 1644"